stingy: implies a marked lack of generosity: a ~ child, not given to sharing.


close: suggests keeping a tight grip on one's money and possessions: folks who are very ~ when charity calls.


niggardly: implies giving or spending the very smallest amount possible: gave his wife a ~ household allowance.


parsimonious: suggests a frugality so extreme as to lead to stinginess: a ~ attitude with no room for luxuries.


penurious: implies niggardliness that gives an appearance of actual poverty: the ~ old woman left behind a fortune.   也可表示确实贫穷，而不是表面看起来贫穷，如a penurious person/school贫穷的人/学校


miserly: suggests penuriousness motivated by obsessive avariciousness and a morbid pleasure in hoarding: a ~ man indifferent to the cries of the needy.     （avaricious迷恋于贪婪的，implies obsessive acquisitiveness；hoard秘密的储存聚藏to store or save something secretly）  


stingy小气: 指明显不慷慨，close小气: 表示严控财物，niggardly小气: 只愿花费最小，parsimonious过度节俭: 指极度节俭以至显得小气，penurious贫穷: 小气到显得贫穷，miserly守财奴: 既迷恋于贪婪地储藏财物又小气


记忆方法: 1) 首字母重组为SCMP南华早报和NP不好(Not Perfect)<==认为吝啬不好        "吝啬"表示过分爱惜、看重自己的财物，当用不用、当给不给‌，俗称"小气"，是一个‌贬义词，miserly贬义最重，表示守财奴般的吝啬，其他贬义程度接近   （SCMP是South China Morning Post南华早报的简称）

         2) 吝啬的意思是不愿分享mean being unwilling or showing unwillingness to share with others.首字母重组为SCMP南华早报和NP不好(Not Perfect)<==认为吝啬不好